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| Jefferson's Ground Sloth | Woolly Mammoth | American Mastodon |
North American Short-Faced Bear | American Lion | Giant Beaver | American Scimitar Cat | Steppe Bison | Beringia | Ice Age Yukon and Alaskan Camels | North American Saiga | Ancient Caribou | Helmeted Muskox

Please note that these references are listed for your convenience, we do not have these articles available at the Beringia Interpretive Centre.  Please consult your local library.


Jefferson's Ground Sloth

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Hirschfield, S.E. and S.D. Webb. 1968. Plio-Pleistocene megalonychid sloths of North America. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 12(5): 213-296.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.

Leidy, J. 1855. A memoir on the extinct sloth tribe of North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 7:1-68.

McDonald, H.G. and C.E. Ray. 1990. The extinct sloth Megalonyx (Mammalia:Xenarthra) from the United States mid-Atlantic continental shelf. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103(1):1-5.

Stock, C. 1925. Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 331:1-206. Top

Jefferson's Ground Sloth Research Note


Woolly Mammoth

Augusta, J. 1962. A book of mammoths. Paul Hamlyn, London. 96 pp.

Digby, B. 1926. The mammoth and mammoth-hunting in north-east Siberia. D. Appleton and Company, New York. 224 pp.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Harington, C.R. and A.C. Ashworth. 1986. A mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) tooth from late Wisconsin deposits near Embden, North Dakota, and comments on the distribution of woolly mammoths south of the Wisconsin ice sheets. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23(7):909-918.

Haynes, G. 1991. Mammoths, mastodonts, and elephants: biology, behavior and the fossil record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 413 pp.

Kurtén, B. 1968. Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 317 pp.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. 442 pp.

Lister, A. and P. Bahn. 1994. Mammoths. Macmillan, New York. 168 pp.

Maglio, V.J. 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 63, Part 3:1-149.

Mol, D. and H. van Essen. 1992. De mammoet:sporen uit de ijstijd.Uitgeverij -Gravenhage. 144 pp. (in Dutch).

Osborn, H.F. 1942. Proboscidea. Volume II. American Museum Press, New York. pp. 805-1676.

Silverberg, R. 1970. Mammoths, mastodons and men. World's Work Limited, Kingswood and London. 223 pp. Top

Woolly Mammoth Research Note


American Mastodon

Dreimanis, A. 1968. Extinction of mastodons in eastern North America: testing a new climatic-environmental hypothesis. Ohio Journal of Science 68:337-352.

Fisher, D.C. 1984. Mastodon butchery by North American Paleo-Indians. Nature 308:271-272.

Gustafson, C.E., D. Gilbow and R.D. Daugherty. 1979. The Manis Mastodon site: early man on the Olympic Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 3:157-164.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Harington, C.R., D.R. Grant and R.J. Mott. 1993. The Hillsborough, New Brunswick, mastodon and comments on other Pleistocene mastodon fossils from Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:1242-1253.

Haynes, G. 1991. Mammoths, mastodonts, and elephants: biology, behavior and the fossil record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 413 pp.

King, J.E. and J.J. Saunders. 1984. Environmental insularity and the extinction of the American mastodont. In: Quaternary Extinctions a Prehistoric Revolution. Edited by: P.S. Martin and R.G. Klein. University of Arizona Press. pp. 315-339.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. 442 pp.

Osborn, H.F. 1936. Proboscidea. Volume I. American Museum Press, New York. pp. 165-190.

Russell, L.S. 1965. The mastodon. Royal Ontario Museum Series 6:1-16.

Saunders, J.J. 1977. Late Pleistocene vertebrates of the western Ozark Highland, Missouri. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations 33:1-118.

Saunders, J.J. In press. North American Mammutidae. Chapter 27. In: The Proboscidea. Edited by: J. Shoshani and P. Tassy. Oxford University Press.

Saunders, J.J. and P. Tassy. 1989. Le mastodonte américain. La Recherche 20(209):452-461.

Skeels, M.A. 1962. The mastodons and mammoths of Michigan. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Art, and Letters 47:101-133.

Sternberg, C.M. 1960. New records of mastodons and mammoths in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 44(3):59-65.

Warren, J.C. 1852. The Mastodon Giganteus of North America. John Wilson and Son, Boston. 219 pp.

Whitmore, F.C., K.O. Emery, H.B.S. Cooke and D.J.P. Swift. 1967. Elephant teeth from the Atlantic Coastal Shelf. Science 156:1477-1481. Top

American Mastodon Research Note


North American Short-Faced Bear

Baryshnikov, G., L.D. Agenbroad and J.I. Mead. 1994. Carnivores from the mammoth site, Hot Springs, South Dakota. In: The Hot Springs Mammoth Site: A Decade of Field and Laboratory Research in Paleontology, Geology, and Paleoecology. Edited by: L.D. Agenbroad and J.I. Mead. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Inc. pp. 306-358.

Harington, C.R. 1973. A short-faced bear from ice age deposits at Lebret, Saskatchewan. Blue Jay 31(1):11-14.

Kurtén, B. 1967. Pleistocene bears of North America. 2. Genus Arctodus, short-faced bears. Acta Zoologica Fennica 117:1-60.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. New York. 442 pp.

Lambe, L.M. 1911. On Arctotherium from the Pleistocene of Yukon. Ottawa Naturalist 25(2):21-26.

Matheus, P.E. 1995. Diet and co-ecology of Pleistocene short-faced and brown bears in Eastern Beringia. Quaternary Research 44:447-453.

Merriam, J.C. and C. Stock. 1925. Relationships and structure of the short-faced bear, Arctotherium, from the Pleistocene of California. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Contributions to Palaeontology, Publication 347(1):1-35.

Voorhies, M.R. and R.G. Corner. 1982. Ice age superpredators. University of Nebraska State Museum, Museum Notes 70:1-4. Top

North American Short-Faced Bear Research Note


American Lion

Breuil, H. 1952. Four hundred centuries of cave art. Montignac. Paris. 414 pp.

Harington, C.R. 1969. Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (Panthera atrox) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6:1277-1288.

Harington, C.R. 1989. Pleistocene vertebrate localities in the Yukon. In: Late Cenozoic History of the Interior Basins of Alaska and the Yukon. Edited by: L.D. Carter, T.D. Hamilton and J.P. Galloway. United States Geological Survey Circular 1026:93-98.

Hemmer, H. 1974. On the species history of lions Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus 1758). Veršffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung MŸnchen 17:167-280.

Jefferson, G.T. 1992. The M1 in Panthera leo atrox, an indicator of sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic age. Current Research in the Pleistocene 9:102-105.

Kurtén, B. 1985. The Pleistocene lion of Beringia. Annales Zoologici Fennici 22:117-121.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. New York. 442 pp.

Martin, L.D. and B.M. Gilbert. 1978. An American lion, Panthera atrox, from Natural Trap Cave, North Central Wyoming. University of Wyoming, Contributions to Geology 16:95-101.

Merriam, J.C. and C. Stock. 1932. The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 422:1-231.

Vereshchagin, N.K. 1971. The cave lion and its history in the Holarctic and on the territory of the U.S.S.R. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Zoological Institute Trudy 49:123-199.

Watterson, B. 1989. The Calvin and Hobbes lazy Sunday book. Andrews and McMeel, Kansas City. 128 pp. Top

American Lion Research Note


Giant Beaver

Barbour, E.H. 1931. The giant beaver, Castoroides, and the common beaver, Castor, in Nebraska. Nebraska State Museum Bulletin 20(1):171-186.

Cahn, A.R. 1936. Records and distribution of the fossil beaver, Castoroides ohioensis. Journal of Mammalogy 13(3):229-241.

Erickson, B.R. 1962. A description of the Castoroides ohioensis from Minnesota. Proceedings of the Minnesota Academy of Science 30(1):6-13.

Harington, C.R. 1974. Animal life in the ice age. Canadian Geographical Journal 88(4):38-43.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Kurtén, B. 1968. Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 317 pp.

Kurtén B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. 442 pp.

Moore, J. 1890. Concerning a skeleton of the great fossil beaver, Castoroides ohioensis. Cincinnati Society of Natural History 13(3):138-169.

Powell, L.H. 1948. The giant beaver Castoroides in Minnesota. The Science Museum, Saint Paul Institute, Science Bulletin 2:1-32.

Simpson, G.G. 1930. Rodent giants. Natural History 30(3):305-313.

Stirton, R.A. 1965. Cranial morphology of Castoroides. Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Dr. D.N. Wadia Commemorative Volume. pp. 273-285. Top

Giant Beaver Research Note


American Scimitar Cat

Anyonge, W. 1993. Body mass in large extant and extinct carnivores. Journal of Zoology (London) 231:339-350.

Churcher, C.S. 1966. The affinities of Dinobastis serus Cope 1893. Quaternaria VIII, 263-275.

Churcher, C.S. 1984. The status of Smilodontopsis (Brown, 1908) and Ischryosmilus (Merriam, 1918): a taxonomic review of two genera of sabretooth cats (Felidae, Machairodontinae). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contribution 140:1-59.

Cope, E.P. A new Pleistocene sabre-tooth. American Naturalist 27:896-897.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.

Mazak, V. 1970. On a supposed prehistoric representation of the Pleistocene scimitar cat, Homotherium Fabrini, 1890 (Mammalia; Machairodontidae). Zeitschrift für Säugtierkunde 35(6):359-362.

Meade, G.E. 1961. The saber-toothed cat, Dinobastis serus. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum, No. 2 (Part II):23-60.

Rawn-Schatzinger, V.M. 1992. The scimitar cat Homotherium serum Cope: osteology, functional morphology, and predatory behavior. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations 47:1-80.

Rawn-Schatzinger, V.M. and R.L. Collins. 1981. Scimitar cats, Homotherium serum Cope from Gassaway Fissure, Cannon County, Tennessee and the North American distribution of Homotherium. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 56(1):15-19. Top

American Scimitar Cat Research Note


Steppe Bison

Breuil, H. 1952. Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Prehistoriques. Montignac, Dordogne.

Flerov, C.C. 1979. European Bison. Morphology, Systematics, Evolution, Ecology. Nauka Publishers, Moscow. [In Russian].

Guthrie, R.D. 1970. Bison evolution and zoogeography in North America during the Pleistocene. Quarterly Review of Ecology 45:1-15.

Guthrie, R.D. 1990. Frozen Fauna of theMammoth Steppe. The Story of Blue Babe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Harington, C.R. 1984. Mammoths, bison and time in North America. In: W.C.Mahaney, ed. Quaternary Dating Methods. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.

Harington, C.R. and F.V. Clulow. 1973. Pleistocene mammals from Gold Run Creek, Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 10:697-759.

Kurtén, B. 1968. Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. PleistoceneMammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.

Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982. The Dawn of Paleolithic Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Marshack, A. 1972. The Roots of Civilization. The Beginnings of Man's First Art, Symbol and Notation. McGraw-Hill, New York.

McDonald, J.N. 1981. North American Bison. Their Classification and Evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Skinner, M.F. and O.C. Kaisen. 1947. The fossil bison of Alaska and preliminary revision of the genus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 89: 126-256.

Wilson, M.C. 1992. Bison in Alberta. Paleontology, evolution, and relations with humans. In: J.E. Foster, D. Harrison, I.S. MacLaren, eds. Buffalo. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton. Top

Steppe Bison Research Note


Beringia

Carter, L.D., T.D. Hamilton, and J.P. Galloway, editors. 1989. Late Cenozoic history of the interior basins of Alaska and the Yukon. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1026, Washington, 114 pp.

Cinq-Mars, J. 1990. La place des grottes du Poisson-Bleu dans la préhistoire béringienne. Revista de Arqueología Americana 1: 9-32.

Elias, S.A., S.K. Short, C.H. Nelson and H.H. Birks. 1196. Life an times of the Bering land bridge.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quarternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, 105 pp.

Hopkins, D.M., J.V. Matthews, Jr., C.E. Schweger, and S.B. Young, editors. 1982. Paleoecology of Baringia. Academic Press, New York, 489 pp.

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York. 442 pp

Morlan, R.E. 1987. The Pleistocene archaeology of Beringia. In The Evoloution of Human Hunting, edited by M.H. Nitecki and D.V. Nitecki, pp. 267-307. Plenum Press, New York.

West, F.H. (ed) 1996 American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecolgy of Beringia. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 507 pp. Top

Beringia Research Note


Ice Age Yukon and Alaskan Camels

Devaney, C.C. (ed) 1988. Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals.
Macmillan, London.

Domppierrs, H. and C.S. Churcher. 1996. Premaxillary shape as an indicator of the diet of seven extinct late Cenozoic New World camels. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(1):141-148.

Frison, G.C., D.N. Walker, S.D. Webb and G.M. Zeimans. 1978. Paleo-Indian procurement of Camelops on the Northwestern Plains. Quarternary Research 10(3): 385-400

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quarternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15: 1-105.

Harington, C.R. 1989. Pleistocene vertebrate localities in the Yukon. In: L.D.Carter, T.D. Hamilton and J.P Galoway, eds. Late Cenozoic History of the Interior Basins of Alaska and the Yukon. United States Geological Survey Circular 1026:93-98.

Harrison, J.A. 1985. Giant camels from the Cenzoic of North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, Number 57: 1-29

Kurtén, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.

Webb, S.D. 1965. The osteology of Camelops. Bulletin of the Los Angeles County Museum, Science, Number 1: 1-54. Top

Ice Age Yukon and Alaskan Camels Research Note


North American Saiga

Bannikov, A.G. 1969. The saga of the saiga. Animals 12(6):244-248.

Baryshnikov, G. and A Tikhonov. 1994. Notes on skulls of Pleistocene saiga of northern Eurasia. Historical Biology 8:209-234.

Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69:1-699.

Harington, C.R. 1981. Pleistocene saiga antelopes in North America and their paleoenvironmental implications. In: W.C Mahaney, ed. Quaternary Paleoclimate. University of East Anglia, Geo Books, Norwich.

Harington, C.R. and J. Cinq-Mars. 1995. Radiocarbon dates on saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) fossils from Yukon and the Northwest Territories. Arctic 48:1-7.

Heptner, V.G., A.A. Nasimovich and A.G. Bannikov. 1988. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

Kahlke, R.-D. 1991. Pleistocene distribution and evolutionary history of the benus Saiga Gray, 1843 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in the Palaearctic. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica 29(4):314-322.

Sher, A.V. 1968. Fossil saiga in northeastern Siberia and Alaska. International Geology Review 10:1247-1260.Top

North American Saiga Research Note



Ancient Caribou

Alekseeva, L.I. 1989. Late Pleistocene theriofauna of East Europe (large mammals). Transactions of the Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 455:1-109.

Banfield, A.W.F. 1974. The Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Banfield, A.W.F. 1961. A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museums of Canada Bulletin 177.

Chauvet, J.-M., E.B. Deschamps and C. Hillaire. 1996. Dawn of Cave Art: The Chauvet Cave. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York.

Guthrie, R.D. and J.V. Matthews, Jr. 1971. The Cape Deceit fauna Early Pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan Arctic. Quaternary Research 1:474-510.

Harington, C.R. 1978. Quaternary vertebrate faunas of Canada and Alaska and their suggested chronological sequence. Syllogeus 15:1-105.

Harington, C.R. and Morlan, R.E. 1992. A Late Pleistocene antler artifact from the Klondike District, Yukon Territory, Canada. Arctic 45:269-272.

Kurten, B. and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.

Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982. The Dawn of Paleolithic Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

McDonald, J.N., C.E. Ray and F.Grady. 1996. Pleistocene caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in the eastern United States: new records and range extensions. In: K.M. Stewart and K.L. Seymour, eds. Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals: Tributes to the Career of C.S. (Rufus) Churcher. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. pp. 407-430.

Miller, F.L. 1982. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus). In: J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhammer, eds. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. pp. 923-959.Top

Ancient Caribou Research Note

 



Helmeted Muskox

coming soon

Helmeted Muskox Research Note

 

Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre